The status of women in Islam, is an issue that is pertinent in present times; both due to the divergence of cultural practices in the Muslim world from the Islamic perspective and the erroneous perception in the West, that Islam subjugates womenfolk.
A dispassionate study of the primary sources of Islam, along with an analysis of the position of women in societies where Islam was implemented, actually proves that for women, Islam is a special blessing.
“Prior to Islam,” write the authors of The Cultural Atlas of Islam, “a woman was regarded by her parents as a threat to family honor and hence worthy of burial alive at infancy. As an adult, she was a sex object that could be bought, sold and inherited. From this position of inferiority and legal incapacity, Islam raised women to a position of influence and prestige in family and society.”
The rights and responsibilities of women are equal to those of men but they are not necessarily identical. This difference is understandable because men and women are different, in their physiological and psychological make-up. With this distinction in mind, there is no room for a Muslim to imagine that women are inferior to men. Thus it is perhaps more apt to refer to the Islamic approach on gender relations, as one of “equity” rather than the commonly used word “equality”, which could be misunderstood to mean equality in every minute aspect of life, rather than overall equality.
THE SPIRITUAL ASPECT
The sacred text of the Glorious Quraan and the history of early Muslims bear witness to the fact that women are considered as vital to life as men.
Islam refuted the idea that Eve tempted Adam to disobey Allah (Subhaanahu Wa Ta’aalaa), and thus caused his downfall. The Quraan says that they both disobeyed, and negates the idea that women are a source of evil.
In a world where women were no more than objects of sexual gratification for men, and at a time when the religious circles argued over whether women were human or not, possessing souls, Islam proclaimed:
يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ إِنَّا خَلَقْنَاكُمْ مِنْ ذَكَرٍ وَأُنْثَى[الحجرات: 13]
“O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female,” (Al-Hujuraat 49:13)
Men and women are of the same family, and as such have similar rights and duties, and their Lord promises them in the Glorious Quraan:
أَنِّي لَا أُضِيعُ عَمَلَ عَامِلٍ مِنْكُمْ مِنْ ذَكَرٍ أَوْ أُنْثَى بَعْضُكُمْ [آل عمران: 195]
“Never will I waste the work of a worker among you, whether male or female, the one of you being from the other.” (Aale-‘Imraan 3:195)
Thus, in the Islamic tradition, a woman has an independent identity. She is a responsible being in her own right and carries the burden of her moral and spiritual obligations.
THE SOCIAL ASPECT
Women have as much right to education as men do. Almost fourteen centuries ago, Prophet Muhammad (SallAllaho Alaihe WaSallam) 1 declared that the pursuit of knowledge is incumbent on every Muslim, male and female. This declaration was very clear and was largely implemented by Muslims throughout history.
Islam elevated the position of women in society and treated them on an equal footing with men, and in some cases, as a mother for instance, clearly gave them precedence over men. Thus when a man asked Prophet Muhammad (SallAllaho Alaihe WaSallam): “Who is most entitled to be treated with the best companionship by me?”
The Prophet (SallAllaho Alaihe WaSallam) replied: “Your mother.”
The man asked: “Who is next?”
The Prophet (SallAllaho Alaihe WaSallam) said: “Your mother.”
Again the man asked: “Who is next?”
The Prophet (SallAllaho Alaihe WaSallam) repeated: “Your mother.”
The man asked for a fourth time: “Who is next?”
The Prophet (SallAllaho Alaihe WaSallam) then replied: “Your father.” (Bukhari)
On another occasion, when a man came to the Prophet (SallAllaho Alaihe WaSallam), and expressed the desire to join a military expedition, the Prophet (SallAllaho Alaihe WaSallam) asked him if he had a mother. When he replied that he had, the Prophet (SallAllaho Alaihe WaSallam) advised him: “Stay with her, for Jannah (Paradise) is at her feet.” (Ahmad, and Al-Bayhaqi)
As daughters, women have a right to just and equitable treatment from their parents. The Prophet (SallAllaho Alaihe WaSallam) gave glad tidings to those who did not insult their daughters or favored sons over daughters. (Ahmad)
A woman has the right to accept or reject marriage proposals, and her consent is a prerequisite to the validity of the marriage contract. A marriage is based on mutual peace, love and compassion. One of the writers states in his book: “The husband is responsible for the maintenance, protection and overall leadership of the family within the framework of consultation and kindness. The mutuality and complementarity of husband and wife does not mean ‘subservience’ by either party to the other. Prophet Muhammad (SallAllaho Alaihe WaSallam) helped with household chores, although the responsibilities he bore and the issues he faced in the community were immense.”
The responsibility of maintaining social and moral values lies on both men and women. Both must refrain from all deeds and gestures that might stir the passions of people other than their legitimate spouses or cause evil suspicion of their morality.
Women are entitled to freedom of expression just as men are. Among the early Muslims, women participated in public life in times of emergencies. It is reported in the Quraan and in history that women not only expressed their opinion freely as and when it was needed.
THE ECONOMIC ASPECT
Islam grants women equal rights to contract, to enterprise, to earn and possess independently. A woman’s life, her property and her honor are as sacred as those of a man. If she commits any offense, her penalty is no less or more than of a man’s in a similar case. If she is wronged or harmed, she gets due compensation equal to what a man in her position would get.
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْقِصَاصُ فِي الْقَتْلَى الْحُرُّ بِالْحُرِّ وَالْعَبْدُ بِالْعَبْدِ وَالْأُنْثَى [البقرة: 178]
“O you who believe, QiSaS has been prescribed for you in the case of murdered people: The freeman (will be killed) for the freeman, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female.” (Al-Baqarah 2:178)
Islam has given women a share of inheritance. Before Islam, women were not only deprived of that share, but were themselves considered as property to be inherited by men. Out of that transferable property Islam made her a heir, acknowledging the inherent individuality of women. Whether the woman is a wife or mother, a sister or daughter, she receives a certain share of the deceased kin’s property, a share that depends on her degree of relationship to the deceased and the number of heirs. This share is hers, and no one can take it away or disinherit her. Even if the deceased wishes to deprive her by making a will to other relations or in favor of any other cause, the Shari’ah Law will not allow him to do so.
Women are exempt from all financial liabilities. As a wife, a woman is entitled to receive an amount of money in any shape i.e. cash, gold or silver as “Mahr” from her that will be her own. She is entitled to complete provision and total maintenance by the husband. She does not have to work or share with her husband the family expenses. She is free to retain, after marriage, whatever she possessed before it, and the husband has no right whatsoever to any of her belongings. As a daughter or sister she is entitled to security and provision by the father and brother respectively. That is her privilege. If she wishes to work or be self-supporting and participate in handling the family responsibilities, she is quite free to do so, provided her integrity and honor are safeguarded.
It is thus clear that the status of women in Islam is very high. Islam has granted them rights that match beautifully with their duties. What Islam has established for women is that which suits their nature, gives them full security and protects them against disgraceful circumstances and uncertain channels of life.